This quicktip was created in collaboration with Melinda Lee, Assistant Director, Gender and Sexuality Center for Queer and Trans Life.
Many people understand the existence of gender pronouns beyond the binary (she/her/hers or he/him/his). However, they may not be familiar with how to use those pronouns in sentences. As a result, even when they know the pronouns of reference for a person, they can struggle to incorporate those pronouns in their writing.
The following chart provides examples of some nonbinary gender pronouns in a variety of forms.
Pronouns of reference |
Nominative (subject) |
Objective (object) |
Possessive determiner |
Possessive pronoun |
Reflexive |
they/them/theirs |
They wrote a carefully- |
I cited them. |
Their carefully- |
That research is theirs. |
They cited themself. |
ey/em/eirs |
Ey wrote a carefully- |
I cited em. |
Eir carefully- |
That research is eirs. |
Ey cited emself. |
ze/hir/hirs |
Ze wrote a carefully- |
I cited hir. |
Hir carefully- |
That research is hirs. |
Ze cited hirself. |
ze/zir/zirs |
Ze wrote a carefully- |
I cited zir. |
Zir carefully- |
That research is zirs. |
Ze cited zirself. |
co/co/co’s |
Co wrote a carefully- |
I cited co. |
Co’s carefully- |
That research is co’s. |
Co cited coself. |
Chart adapted from Gender Pronouns, LGBT Resource Center, University of Wisconsin, 23 March 2018.
No matter what pronouns appear in your sentences, it’s important that you are consistent in the pronouns you use to cite or refer to people. One way to check for consistency is to use Word’s Find feature (in the “Edit” menu) to search for the pronouns you’ve written in. For example, if you’re citing a writer who uses “they/them/theirs” pronouns and you’re concerned that you might have written a different one to refer to them, go to the Edit menu and select Find. Type in the author’s name in order to find all the sentences where you’ve cited them; that way, you can be sure to proofread each sentence that refers to the author. Or, you could use Edit>Find to search for any instances of, say, “she” that need to be changed to the appropriate pronoun.
If you will be citing or referring to a person who uses nonbinary gender pronouns, practice reading and writing texts with those pronouns. At the Gender Neutral Pronoun Blog, each entry on a specific pronoun links to a passage from Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland using that pronoun in place of “she/her/hers.” Reading these excerpts can familiarize you with how nonbinary pronouns appear in context. Another place to learn and practice using a variety of gender pronouns is the web-based Pronouns App, developed by the Australian youth-led LGBTI organization Minus 18.
If your audience is not familiar with nonbinary pronouns, consider adding an explanatory footnote after your first use of a nonbinary pronoun. An example might be, “In this paper, I use the nonbinary gender pronouns [name them] because the people I am citing and/or to whom I am referring use these pronouns to refer to themselves. It is important to me that I respect their identities in my writing by using the appropriate gender pronouns.”
If you are using singular they, you may also wish to cite the International Writing Centers Association's Position Statement on "Singular Use of 'They.'"
For more information
Airton, L. (2017.) They is my pronoun. http://theyismypronoun.com/
University of Wisconsin Writing Center. (2017.) Using gender-neutral pronouns in academic writing. In UW–Madison Writer's Handbook. Retrieved from https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/grammarpunct/genderneutralpronouns/